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Background In 1984 Salama and colleagues7 reported a clinical trial that used an IV IgG anti-D to treat ITP (IgG anti-Rho(D), Biotest, Frankfurt, FGR). Biotest is a global company that supplies plasma protein. Patient Program; R & D. The test serum anti-D for the determination of the rhesus factor is introduced world-wide as one. Serologic Weak D Phenotype to RHD Genotyping: How will I know? Sue Johnson, MSTM, MT(ASCP). Anti-D Reagents Polyspecific Slide and Modified Tube. Biotest (Bio-Rad) BS232 BS221 H41 11B7. Brushless DC electric motor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The motor from a 3. The coils, arranged radially, are made from copper wire coated with blue insulation. The rotor (upper right) has been removed and turned upside- down. The grey ring inside its cup is a permanent magnet. Brushless DC electric motor (BLDC motors, BL motors) also known as electronically commutated motors (ECMs, EC motors) are synchronous motors that are powered by a DCelectric source via an integrated inverter/switching power supply, which produces an AC electric signal to drive the motor. In this context, AC, alternating current, does not imply a sinusoidalwaveform, but rather a bi- directional current with no restriction on waveform. Additional sensors and electronics control the inverter output amplitude and waveform (and therefore percent of DC bus usage/efficiency) and frequency (i. This page describes more general brushless motor principles, though there is overlap. Two key performance parameters of brushless DC motors are the motor constants Kv and Km. Brushless vs. These benefits come at the cost of potentially less rugged, more complex, and more expensive control electronics. A typical brushless motor has permanent magnets which rotate around a fixed armature, eliminating problems associated with connecting current to the moving armature.
Why and How to Control Fan Speed for Cooling Electronic Equipment By Mary Burke An electronic controller replaces the brush/commutator assembly of the brushed DC motor, which continually switches the phase to the windings to keep the motor turning. The controller performs similar timed power distribution by using a solid- state circuit rather than the brush/commutator system. Brushless motors offer several advantages over brushed DC motors, including high torque to weight ratio, more torque per watt (increased efficiency), increased reliability, reduced noise, longer lifetime (no brush and commutator erosion), elimination of ionizing sparks from the commutator, and overall reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI). With no windings on the rotor, they are not subjected to centrifugal forces, and because the windings are supported by the housing, they can be cooled by conduction, requiring no airflow inside the motor for cooling. The NJU7347 is a single-phase DC brushless motor driver IC in small VSP10 package. With minimal external components, It can drive up to 200mA of motor current for small fan application. 12V DC Brushless Blower Cooling Fan Fugetek, HT-07530D12, 75x75x30mm, 2pin, Dual Ball Bearing, Computer Fan, Multi. The brushless motor, unlike the DC brushed motor, has the permanent magnets glued on the rotor. A faculty of Mechanical Engineering wants to know the importance Brushless DC Motors in the regular fan (at present it consumes 60. 12v brushless dc cpu fan motor datasheet, cross reference, circuit and application notes in pdf format. 12V 3.0AH/20 HR Dantona Industries 12V 3.0AH/20 HR LENGTH= 4, WIDE=2 AND HEIGHT=2 2/3 (Aug 2016) Newark element14 12V-DUB-CW-01M Inspired. Electrical equipment often has at least one motor used to rotate or displace an object from its initial position. There are a variety of motor types available in the market, including induction motors, servomotors, DC motors (brushed and brushless), etc. Depending upon the application requirements. This in turn means that the motor's internals can be entirely enclosed and protected from dirt or other foreign matter. Brushless motor commutation can be implemented in software using a microcontroller or microprocessor computer, or may alternatively be implemented in analogue hardware, or in digital firmware using an FPGA. Commutation with electronics instead of brushes allows for greater flexibility and capabilities not available with brushed DC motors, including speed limiting, . Controller software can be customized to the specific motor being used in the application, resulting in greater commutation efficiency. The maximum power that can be applied to a brushless motor is limited almost exclusively by heat. This improvement is largely due to the the frequency at which the electricity is switched determined by the position sensor feedback. Additional gains are due to the absence of brushes, which reduces mechanical energy loss due to friction. The enhanced efficiency is greatest in the no- load and low- load region of the motor's performance curve. This is automatic in a brushed motor due to the fixed geometry of rotor shaft and brushes. Some designs use Hall effect sensors or a rotary encoder to directly measure the rotor's position. Others measure the back- EMF in the undriven coils to infer the rotor position, eliminating the need for separate Hall effect sensors, and therefore are often called sensorless controllers. In a brushless DC motor, two coils are energized at a time with equal and opposite polarities: one pushes the rotor away from it while the other attracts the rotor towards it. This increases the overall torque capacity of the motor and Hall effect sensors or a rotary encoder determine which two coils have to be energized to achieve this strategy. Simple controllers employ comparators to determine when the output phase should be advanced, while more advanced controllers employ a microcontroller to manage acceleration, control speed and fine- tune efficiency. Controllers that sense rotor position based on back- EMF have extra challenges in initiating motion because no back- EMF is produced when the rotor is stationary. This is usually accomplished by beginning rotation from an arbitrary phase, and then skipping to the correct phase if it is found to be wrong. This can cause the motor to run briefly backwards, adding even more complexity to the startup sequence. Other sensorless controllers are capable of measuring winding saturation caused by the position of the magnets to infer the rotor position. Variations in construction. Three stator windings surround the rotor. In the outrunner (or external- rotor) configuration, the radial- relationship between the coils and magnets is reversed; the stator coils form the center (core) of the motor, while the permanent magnets spin within an overhanging rotor which surrounds the core. The flat or axial flux type, used where there are space or shape limitations, uses stator and rotor plates, mounted face to face. Outrunners typically have more poles, set up in triplets to maintain the three groups of windings, and have a higher torque at low RPMs. In all brushless motors, the coils are stationary. There are two common electrical winding configurations; the delta configuration connects three windings to each other (series circuits) in a triangle- like circuit, and power is applied at each of the connections. The Wye (Y- shaped) configuration, sometimes called a star winding, connects all of the windings to a central point (parallel circuits) and power is applied to the remaining end of each winding. A motor with windings in delta configuration gives low torque at low speed, but can give higher top speed. Wye configuration gives high torque at low speed, but not as high top speed. In delta- connected windings, half voltage is applied across the windings adjacent to the driven lead (compared to the winding directly between the driven leads), increasing resistive losses. In addition, windings can allow high- frequency parasitic electrical currents to circulate entirely within the motor. A Wye- connected winding does not contain a closed loop in which parasitic currents can flow, preventing such losses. From a controller standpoint, the two styles of windings are treated exactly the same. Applications. This is part of a computer cooling fan; the rotor has been removed. Brushless motors fulfill many functions originally performed by brushed DC motors, but cost and control complexity prevents brushless motors from replacing brushed motors completely in the lowest- cost areas. Nevertheless, brushless motors have come to dominate many applications, particularly devices such as computer hard drives and CD/DVD players. Small cooling fans in electronic equipment are powered exclusively by brushless motors. They can be found in cordless power tools where the increased efficiency of the motor leads to longer periods of use before the battery needs to be charged. Low speed, low power brushless motors are used in direct- drive turntables for gramophone records. Transport. These motors are essentially AC synchronous motors with permanent magnet rotors. The Segway Scooter and Vectrix Maxi- Scooter use brushless motors. A number of electric bicycles use brushless motors that are sometimes built into the wheel hub itself, with the stator fixed solidly to the axle and the magnets attached to and rotating with the wheel. The most significant reason to switch to a brushless motor is the dramatic reduction in power required to operate them versus a typical AC motor. Some ceiling fan and portable fans are also featuring this motor. They advertise the motor being highly energy efficient and quieter than most fans. Industrial engineering. In manufacturing, brushless motors are primarily used for motion control, positioning or actuation systems. Brushless motors are ideally suited for manufacturing applications because of their high power density, good speed- torque characteristics, high efficiency and wide speed ranges and low maintenance. The most common uses of brushless DC motors in industrial engineering are linear motors, servomotors, actuators for industrial robots, extruder drive motors and feed drives for CNC machine tools. They can develop high torque with good speed response. In addition, they can be easily automated for remote control. Due to their construction, they have good thermal characteristics and high energy efficiency. Servomotors are used for mechanical displacement, positioning or precision motion control. In the past DC stepper motors were used as servomotors; however, since they are operated with open loop control, they typically exhibit torque pulsations. Brushless motors can also be used to drive linear actuators. The advantage of linear motors is that they can produce linear motion without the need of a transmission system, such as a ball- and- lead screw, rack- and- pinion, cam, gears or belts, that would be necessary for rotary motors. Transmission systems are known to introduce less responsiveness and reduced accuracy. Direct drive, brushless DC linear motors consist of a slotted stator with magnetic teeth and a moving actuator, which has permanent magnets and coil windings. To obtain linear motion, a motor controller excites the coil windings in the actuator causing an interaction of the magnetic fields resulting in linear motion. This external rotor motor weighs 5 g and consumes approximately 1. W. Brushless motors are a popular motor choice for model aircraft including helicopters. Federal Depository Library Program. Visit a Federal depository library.
History - The 1. 97. The Depository Library Council to the Public Printer was established in 1. February 1. 97. 3. Its antecedents date back to 1. Public Printer to serve on an advisory committee on depository libraries. The original advisory committee was formed at the recommendation of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration during its consideration of revised legislation on depository libraries. In 1. 97. 6 the Superintendent of Documents began sending Documents Highlights, the forerunner of Administrative Notes, every- other- month to FDLP libraries. What is the Federal Depository Library Program? Mission & History; GPO on the Go; Cataloging & Classification. Government Publishing Office (GPO) through the Federal Depository Library Program. And in 1. 97. 7 the Joint Committee on Printing authorized the Government Printing Office to distribute microfiche to depository libraries and finally in 1. Federal Depository Library Program. Winter 1. 98. 8) as an administrative newsletter for documents librarians throughout the state - this mirrors the Documents Highlights produced by the FDLP. The Commission continued to publish Texas Libraries as a way to promote its programs and services. The Texas Library Journal (vol. Association's news and professional librarianship in Texas. During the 1. 97. TLA Annual Conference Program was discussed in the Spring or Summer issue and directory of Association officers was also printed in the Journal. It was during the 1. Documents . Meeting Minutes of the Government Documents Round Table are now kept and placed in the TLA Archives at the Texas State Library and Archives Commission. The following excerpts are included to chronicle Texas interest in government information and documents librarianship. Spring 1. 97. 0 (Texas Library Journal, vol. Spring 1. 97. 0, page 1. Miniter, Assistant Professor, School of Library Science, Texas Woman's University. Abstract: A one page article describing the opening of the Dallas Texas Government Printing Office Book Store - the third book store outside Washington D. C. Spring 1. 97. 0 TLA Conference, April 8- 1. Spring 1. 97. 1 (Texas Library Journal, vol. Spring 1. 97. 1, page 7. March 3. 1- April 3, 1. Executive Board and Council Meeting Minutes: Summary. Two meetings of the Executive Board and two meetings of Council were held during the Corpus Christi conference of the Texas Library Association, March 3. April 3, 1. 97. 1. The following memorandum of business transacted in these meetings has bee prepared by the Administrative Secretary . With 1. 6 members present the following officers were elected: Chairman - M. Laurie Hildreth, University of Texas - Austin. Vice- Chair/Chair Elect - Julienne C. Sprague, Texas State Library. Secretary- Treasurer - Brenda Shelton, Legislative Reference Library. Other action taken included the reading of a report on the ALA RSD/RTSD subcommittee: Draft of a Study Proposal on State and Federal Documents, written by Velma Cathey of North Texas State University. Spring 1. 97. 2 (Government Documents Round Table Meeting Minutes, April 6, 1. Texas Library Journal, vol. May 1. 97. 2, page 5. July, 1. 97. 2, page 1. TLA Conference Program, April TLA Conference Program, April 5- 8, 1. Officers elected: Chairman - Julienne C. Sprague, Texas State Library. Vice Chair/Chair Elect - Catherine Porter, University of Texas- Austin Law Library. Secretary- Treasurer - Joe Walls, Texas A& M University. Other action taken: By acclamation the Round Table passed a motion to continue contributing to the tutorials; voted to present a petition to ALA for a Documents Round Table; voted to present a request from the round table to reprint publishers requesting reprint of the Monthly Catalog; moved to present a request to Council for a documents tutorial at next year's conference, and discussed the documents questionnaire to be sent to all Texas collections of documents. Spring 1. 97. 2 (Texas Libraries, vol. Spring 1. 97. 2, pages 3. Spring 1. 97. 2, pages 7. Documents Section, Texas State Library Reference Division. Abstract: One of several articles on drug abuse literature featured in this issue of Texas Libraries, Ms. Sprague reviews the variety of publications and posters from federal agencies, e. Katy's Coloring Book About Drugs and Health, Drug Abuse Prevention Materials for Schools, Community at the Crossroads, etc. Summer 1. 97. 2 (Texas Libraries, vol. Summer, 1. 97. 2, page 8. Twenty- three sites in Texas are listed. Summer 1. 97. 2 (Texas Libraries, vol. Summer 1. 97. 2, pages 9. Winfrey, President of the Texas State Historical Association, 1. Abstract: A speech delivered on March 1. Annual Meeting of the Texas State Historical Association giving the history of the organization and recognizing specific individuals important to the preservation of Texas history. The article includes a bibliography of the Association's publications. Spring 1. 97. 3 (Government Documents Round Table Meeting Minutes, April 5, 1. Texas Library Journal, vol. July, 1. 97. 3, page 1. TLA Conference Program, April 4- 7, 1. Officers elected: Chair - Catherine Porter, University of Texas - Austin Law Library. Vice- Chair/Chair Elect - Richard Fielder, Houston Public Library. Secretary- Treasurer - Betty B. Austin University. CIS provided coffee and rolls for the morning meeting. Conference Programs: Mr. Robert Howells, CIS representative discussed the company services and Catherine Porter presented . The preliminary results of the state- wide questionnaire on documents collections were distributed and the final report of the survey will be published in the Texas Library Journal. It was announced that the ALA Government Documents Round Table now exists. Summer 1. 97. 3 (Texas Library Journal, vol. July, 1. 97. 3, page 1. The Government Documents Round Table By- Laws published. Summer 1. 97. 3 (Texas Libraries, vol. Summer, 1. 97. 2, pages 9. Working with local records officers, genealogists, those in the social sciences and other disciplines, and concerned citizens, the State Library will establish regional depositories in colleges and universities through the state. In these depositories, facilities will be maintained for non- current local records of cities, counties, and special government agencies such as school, hospital, and water districts . Summer, 1. 97. 3, page 9. Summer, 1. 97. 3, pages 1. Fall, 1. 97. 3, pages 1. Which universities are serving as regional depositories - this article covers these fundamental topics. December 1. 97. 3 (Texas Library Journal, vol. December 1. 97. 3, pages 2. Brees, Legislative Reference Library. Abstract: A detailed description of the Texas State Documents Collection within the Legislative Reference Library, its history, organization of the collections, and services. The Library has amassed a wide variety of documents from all the state agencies. Spring 1. 97. 4 (Government Documents Round Table Meeting Minutes, March 2. TLA Conference Program, March 2. Officers elected: Chair - Richard Fielder, Houston Public Library. Vice- Chair/Chair Elect - Betty B. Austin University. Secretary- Treasurer - Barbara Kile, Rice University. Financial statement: $8. Texas Library Journal, vol. October, 1. 97. 4)Other actions taken: announcements concerning availability of Texas State Committee Interim Reports from the Texas Legislative Reference Library; announced the upcoming Federal Regional Documents Workshop set for October, 1. National Commission comments and for comments for the SUDOC microform survey. Conference Programs: Reference Materials for Federal Documents: Dick Fielder, . October, 1. 97. 4, pages 1. State documents are a vital part of Texas Libraries' full service to the community. Some Texas libraries have collected documents since the early 1. Now attitudes are changing. In 1. 97. 1, TLA established a Documents Round Table; in 1. American Library Association followed the lead of the states and established its Government Documents Round Table which has made giant strides in establishing standards for state documents. The Texas State Library has also acknowledged state documents' vital role. Beginning with the Fall 1. Texas Libraries will include a new regular feature . It is possible that they will provide assistance and leadership to other documents librarians throughout the state in the future . That 2. 6 responses were received within two weeks of the mailing indicates, in itself, that the subject merits much more attention than this brief overview can provide . Fall, 1. 97. 4, pages 9. Edward Clack, Burkburnett, Texas . Fall, 1. 97. 4, pages 1. Regional Archives Seek to Preserve Local Records. By Susan Bee, University of Texas at San Antonio. Excerpt: . 1, Winter, 1. Texas State Library, a Seed Bed for Study of Texas History and Government. By Llerena B. This is an interesting description of the development of Texas state agencies and the work of the State Library to preserve a record for future historians and the benefit of government. Austin, Government Publications Section, Texas State Library, 1. Spring 1. 97. 5 (Government Documents Round Table Meeting Minutes, April 3, 1. Texas Library Journal, vol. Fall, 1. 97. 5 page 1. Winter, 1. 97. 5, page 1. TLA Conference Program, April 2- 5, 1. Officers elected: Chair - Betty B. Austin University. Vice- Chair - Mary Lynn Hyde, Texas A& M University. Secretary- Treasurer - Barbara Kile, Rice University. Membership: 7. 1 (Texas Library Journal, vol. Winter, 1. 97. 5, page 1. Discussion topics included the new . George Younkin, retired Chief of the Fort Worth NARA, . Shelton Olds; manuscript by Susan Atherton, . Spring 1. 97. 5, pages 1. Includes a list of Texas history and cultural films of interest to school and public librarians. Spring 1. 97. 5 (Texas Libraries, vol. Spring 1. 97. 5, pages 1. Spring 1. 97. 5, pages 2. Summer 1. 97. 5, pages 5. An invaluable genealogical resource. Summer 1. 97. 5 (Texas Libraries, vol. Summer 1. 97. 5, page 8. Fall 1. 97. 5 , pages 1. Winter, 1. 97. 5, pages 1. Winter 1. 97. 5, pages 1. Skinner, librarian, Chemistry Library, University of Texas at Austin. Bot Check. Geben Sie die Zeichen unten ein. Wir bitten um Ihr Verst. MAGIX Photo. Story 2. Deluxe - Free download and software reviews. Pros. Awesome product 6- 1. Cons. A revolving ACTIVATION CODE. Which means anytime you have to reload it,or try to install on your second PC. You need a NEW activation code. And You need your original ORDER number. And their restore Activation doesn't work. You also are not to install on more than one PC. I understand the need for security. But they go way too far. I will never buy it again. Tony. 18. 22. 97 6- 1. Summary. You'll be sorry 6- 1. Reply to this review. Read reply (1)Was this review helpful?(0) (1) Reply by rgonzalez. September 1. 4, 2. Magix PhotoStory 2015 Deluxe Review Photoshop makes it easy to take a collection of your images and combine it with music to produce a fantastic video. From Magix Software: Experience your best moments over and over again with friends and family with MAGIX Photostory 2016 Deluxe. Combine photos and video clips from. Tony. Giving it one star isn't very helpful. When reviewing software, you should judge it on it's actual advertised features and how well they work/don't work. If the software deserves one start because it's features are terrible or don't work, then say that, but to give it one star because you had trouble activating it sounds more like a PEBKAC issue. Pros. All the features I was looking for. Very easy to import photos to the timeline. Cons. Feature I was most interested in, doesn't work. I want to create travel slide shows, so the . MAGIX Photostory 2015 Deluxe Windows 8 / 7 / Vista / XP. I went to support and followed the suggestions for Internet Explorer settings. This did not solve the issue. You will need a new code. Getting a new code is not easy. I have lost two days work, waiting for the tech team in Germany to respond. I just got off the phone and the rude sales department rep said the German team went home. Sales (9am - 4pm EST, Mon - Fri)If I can only call between 9 and 4 US eastern time. And with the difference in Germany time,what kind of opportunity does that give you to call. Summary. I may eat the $8. Reply to this review. Download MAGIX PhotoStory 2015 deluxe Deluxe. Create amazing photo slideshows with music and effects.Was this review helpful?(0) (0) Pros. None! You have to pay an additional fee for phone service. All of the stuff it says it will do - importing videos is also an additional fee. I've actually submitted a dispute charge with my credit card company! Well then this is NOT the sofware for you. Imported images are not correctly processed and show up nice and fuzzy as if digital photography is still in its infancy. Various excuses on its blogs and Q and A sites don't adress the issue, nor does its acrobat formatted manual. I'm asking for a refund. Reply to this review. Read reply (1)Was this review helpful?(0) (0) Please Wait.
How to Patch Concrete Steps. How to Patch Concrete Steps. There are different repair techniques for different problems when you patch concrete. The most difficult requires you to build a form around your stairs and the easiest is a simple paint- on patch with a polymer. Things Needed. Saw. Boards 2- by- 6 in by length and width of steps. Brace sections of 1- by- 2- by- 2. Once the foam backer rods are in place, follow Step 2 under Patching Small Cracks to apply the patching compound. After smoothing the patch with a trowel, let it set for a couple of hours. Then cover it with a sheet of plastic, weighing the plastic down at the edges. Concrete Patch Repair: Steps involved to preparing a concrete crack for a concrete patch. Join Concrete Network About Us Free. Feather until even with the surrounding surface using a trowel. Home / Home Repair / Concrete Mortar and Tar / Driveway Patch and Repair Trowel Patch 1 Gal. Nails. Hammer. Trowel. Concrete mix. Backer rod. Vinyl concrete polymer patch. Medium, stiff- bristled paintbrush. Step 1. Build a wooden frame for broken corners. Cut boards to fit the sides and front of the step that needs repair. Nail them together to make a frame to hold the concrete. Cut pieces of bracing that will run at a diagonal from the step to the ground. For a secure brace, nail a perpendicular piece of wood where the brace anchors against the frame and again where it meets the ground. Step 2. Mix concrete according to manufacturer's directions and fill the corner of the frame. Use a trowel to smooth and level the patch. Leave the boards in place until the patch is dry. Step 3. Repair cracks in concrete slabs with foam backer rod, a type of patching rope sold in lumberyards. Cut the length needed and push it into the crack. It will expand and create a surface. Use a stiff- bristled brush to apply vinyl concrete polymer. It will flow around the backer rod and fill the crack. 7 Ways to Patch Concrete Editor's Picks How to Repair a Concrete Block Wall How to Remove Concrete Efflorescence. Use a trowel to apply the mixture. Fill the cracks and scrape the surface to make it smooth. Cover the patch with plastic and leave your. Repairing Concrete Edges & Corners Repair broken edges and corners on concrete steps, curbs. In about 5 to 10 minutes once the patch has become thumbprint hard, use the edge of a margin trowel to mold and shape the repair to match the contour of. Step 4. Patch chipped and cracked concrete with a vinyl concrete polymer patch. Clean the area thoroughly and sweep away dust that would embed in the polymer. Use a stiff brush to paint this thin coating that instantly fills chips and small cracks. Related Articles. For the structural repair of deteriorated concrete. Trowel Patch can be used above or below grade on horizontal surfaces.How To Trowel Concrete Patch. Concrete patch concrete resurfacing patching repair floor sealers that provide permanent concrete resurfacing for durable floor patching concrete repair . The Ford F- series is the standard in American pickup trucks. The more popular F- 1. A Shop that specializes in car electrical. Welcome to L. Scofield Company, the #1 ranked Brand name in Architectural concrete coloring, texturing and performance systems since 1. What are possible best ways? I tried this from a blog as follows: 1) From the setting database . They come in several shapes and sizes ? Sounds like whiteflies to me. Trowel Description TintCrete Patch is a 1 component, polymer modified, high performance concrete repair and resurfacing mortar that is available in 12 standard colors or custom blended to reduce the appearance of repairs.
Nitroglycerin Transdermal - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses. Nitroglycerin Transdermal Description. Nitroglycerin is a 1,2,3- propanetriol trinitrate, an organic nitrate whose structural formula isand whose molecular weight is 2. The organic nitrates are vasodilators, active on both arteries and veins. The Nitroglycerin Transdermal Delivery System is a unit designed to provide continuous controlled release of nitroglycerin through intact skin. The rate of release of nitroglycerin is linearly dependent upon the area of the applied system; each cm. Thus, the 3. 3, 6. Contraindications and precautions Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to nitrates and in those with early MI (S.L. The remainder of the nitroglycerin in each system serves as a reservoir and is not delivered in normal use. After 1. 2 hours, for example, each system has delivered about 1. The Nitroglycerin Transdermal System contains nitroglycerin as the active component. The remaining components of the system (acrylate copolymer adhesive, fatty acid esters, and polyethylene backing) are pharmacologically inactive. Each unit is packaged in a heat- sealed foil pouch produced on line from a paper/foil/polyethylene laminate. Prior to use, a protective peel strip is removed from the adhesive surface. Following use, the patch should be discarded in a manner that prevents accidental application or ingestion by children or others. Nitroglycerin Transdermal - Clinical Pharmacology. The principal pharmacological action of nitroglycerin is relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle and consequent dilatation of peripheral arteries and veins, especially the latter. Dilatation of the veins promotes peripheral pooling of blood and decreases venous return to the heart, thereby reducing left ventricular end- diastolic pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (preload). Arteriolar relaxation reduces systemic vascular resistance, systolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure (afterload). Dilatation of the coronary arteries also occurs. The relative importance of preload reduction, afterload reduction, and coronary dilatation remains undefined. Dosing regimens for most chronically used drugs are designed to provide plasma concentrations that are continuously greater than a minimally effective concentration. This strategy is inappropriate for organic nitrates. Several well- controlled clinical trials have used exercise testing to assess the antianginal efficacy of continuously delivered nitrates. In the large majority of these trials, active agents were indistinguishable from placebo after 2. Attempts to overcome nitrate tolerance by dose escalation, even to doses far in excess of those used acutely, have consistently failed. Only after nitrates have been absent from the body for several hours has their antianginal efficacy restored. Pharmacokinetics: The volume of distribution of nitroglycerin is about 3 L/kg, and nitroglycerin is cleared from this volume at extremely rapid rates, with a resulting serum half- life of about 3 minutes. The observed clearance rates (close to 1 L/kg/min) greatly exceed hepatic blood flow; known sites of extrahepatic metabolism include red blood cells and vascular walls. The first products in the metabolism of nitroglycerin are inorganic nitrate and the 1,2- and 1,3- dinitroglycerols. Nitrostat (nitroglycerin) Tablets Company: Parke-Davis Approval Status: Approved May 2000 Treatment for: For the acute relief of an attack or acute prophylaxis of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease Areas. Perioperative hypertension is commonly encountered in patients that undergo surgery. While attempts have been made to standardize the method to characterize the intraoperative hemodynamics, these methods still vary. Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End; Apo-nitroglycerin: metered-dose pump: 0.4 mg: sublingual: Apotex Inc: 2013-09-23: Not applicable: Canada: Minitran: patch: 10 mg/d: transdermal: Graceway. Davis T, Bluhm J, Burke R, Iqbal Q, Kim K, Kokoszka M, Larson T, Puppala V, Setterlund L, Vuong K, Zwank M. Diagnosis and treatment of chest pain and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Bloomington (MN): Institute for Clinical. NAME 1.1 Substance Glyceryl trinitrate (BAN) (British Pharmacopoeia Commission, 1994) 1.2 Group ATC classification index Cardiac therapy (C01)/Myocardial therapy (C01D)/Anti-anginal. The dinitrates are less effective vasodilators than nitroglycerin, but they are longer- lived in the serum, and their net contribution to the overall effect of chronic nitroglycerin regimens is not known. The dinitrates are further metabolized to (nonvasoactive) mononitrates and, ultimately, to glycerol and carbon dioxide. To avoid development of tolerance to nitroglycerin, drug- free intervals of 1. In one well- controlled clinical trial, subjects receiving nitroglycerin appeared to exhibit a rebound or withdrawal effect, so that their exercise tolerance at the end of the daily drug- free interval was less than that exhibited by the parallel group receiving placebo. In healthy volunteers, steady- state plasma concentrations of nitroglycerin are reached by about 2 hours after application of a patch and are maintained for the duration of wearing the system (observations have been limited to 2. Upon removal of the patch, the plasma concentration declines with a half- life of about an hour. Clinical Trials: Regimens in which nitroglycerin patches were worn for 1. Starting about 2 hours after application and continuing until 1. Lower- dose patches have not been as well studied, but in one large, well- controlled trial in which higher- dose patches were also studied, patches delivering 0. It is reasonable to believe that the rate of nitroglycerin absorption from patches may vary with the site of application, but this relationship has not been adequately studied. Indications and Usage for Nitroglycerin Transdermal. Transdermal nitroglycerin is indicated for the prevention of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. The onset of action of transdermal nitroglycerin is not sufficiently rapid for this product to be useful in aborting an acute attack. Contraindications. Nitroglycerin is contraindicated in patients who are allergic to it. Allergy to the adhesives used in nitroglycerin patches has also been reported, and it similarly constitutes a contraindication to the use of this product. Do not use Nitroglycerin Transdermal Delivery System in patients who are taking phosphodiesterase inhibitors (such as sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil) for erectile dysfunction or pulmonary arterial hypertension. Concomitant use can cause severe drops in blood pressure. Do not use Nitroglycerin Transdermal Delivery System in patients who are taking the soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat. Concomitant use can cause hypotension. Warnings. Amplification of the vasodilatory effects of the patch by phosphodiesterase inhibitors, eg, sildenafil can result in severe hypotension. The time course and dose dependence of this interaction have not been studied. Appropriate supportive care has not been studied, but it seems reasonable to treat this as a nitrate overdose, with elevation of the extremities and with central volume expansion. The benefits of transdermal nitroglycerin in patients with acute myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure have not been established. If one elects to use nitroglycerin in these conditions, careful clinical or hemodynamic monitoring must be used to avoid the hazards of hypotension and tachycardia. A cardiovertor/defibrillator should not be discharged through a paddle electrode that overlies a Nitroglycerin Transdermal Delivery System patch. The arcing that may be seen in this situation is harmless in itself, but it may be associated with local current concentration that can cause damage to the paddles and burns to the patient. Precautions. General: Severe hypotension, particularly with upright posture, may occur with even small doses of nitroglycerin, particularly in the elderly. The Nitroglycerin Transdermal Delivery System should therefore be used with caution in elderly patients who may be volume depleted, are on multiple medications, or who, for whatever reason, are already hypotensive. Hypotension induced by nitroglycerin may be accompanied by paradoxical bradycardia and increased angina pectoris. Elderly patients may be more susceptible to hypotension and may be at greater risk of falling at the therapeutic doses of nitroglycerin. Nitrate therapy may aggravate the angina caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, particularly in the elderly. In industrial workers who have had long- term exposure to unknown (presumably high) doses of organic nitrates, tolerance clearly occurs. Chest pain, acute myocardial infarction, and even sudden death have occurred during temporary withdrawal of nitrates from these workers, demonstrating the existence of true physical dependence. Several clinical trials in patients with angina pectoris have evaluated nitroglycerin regimens which incorporated a 1. In some of these trials, an increase in the frequency of anginal attacks during the nitrate- free interval was observed in a small number of patients. In one trial, patients had demonstrated decreased exercise tolerance at the end of the nitrate- free interval. Hemodynamic rebound has been observed only rarely; on the other hand, few studies were so designed that rebound, if it had occurred, would have been detected. The importance of these observations to the routine, clinical use of transdermal nitroglycerin is unknown. Information for Patients: Daily headaches sometimes accompany treatment with nitroglycerin. In patients who get these headaches, the headaches may be a marker of the activity of the drug. Patients should resist the temptation to avoid headaches by altering the schedule of their treatment with nitroglycerin, since loss of headache may be associated with simultaneous loss of antianginal efficacy. Treatment with nitroglycerin may be associated with lightheadedness on standing, especially just after rising from a recumbent or seated position. This effect may be more frequent in patients who have also consumed alcohol. After normal use, there is enough residual nitroglycerin in discarded patches that they are a potential hazard to children and pets. A patient leaflet is supplied with the systems. Drug Interactions: The vasodilating effects of nitroglycerin may be additive with those of other vasodilators. Alcohol, in particular, has been found to exhibit additive effects of this variety. Concomitant use of Nitroglycerin Transdermal Delivery System with phosphodiesterase inhibitors in any form is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Concomitant use of Nitroglycerin Transdermal Delivery System with riociguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Animal carcinogenesis studies with topically applied nitroglycerin have not been performed. Rats receiving up to 4. At high dose, the incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas in both sexes were 5. Lifetime dietary administration of up to 1. The UF/IFAS Extension Family Nutrition Program helps Florida families eat healthy on a. The UF/IFAS Extension Family Nutrition Program helps. Healthy People eLearning; Program. CalFresh Nutrition Education Program. Eating a good diet is important to staying healthy. Nutrition Education - Buy. This section is designed for consumers who want to find out more about healthy eating. Healthy eating; Basics of nutrition; Healthy. Nutrition and Weight Status . They can help change individuals’ knowledge and skills, reduce exposure to foods low in nutritional value and high in calories, or increase opportunities for physical activity. Interventions can help prevent unhealthy weight gain or facilitate weight loss among obese people. They can be delivered in multiple settings, including health care settings,2,1. Social and Physical Determinants of Weight. The social and physical factors affecting diet and physical activity (see Physical Activity topic area) may also have an impact on weight. Obesity is a problem throughout the population. However, among adults, the prevalence is highest for middle- aged people and for non- Hispanic black and Mexican American women. Among children and adolescents, the prevalence of obesity is highest among older and Mexican American children and non- Hispanic black girls. The association of income with obesity varies by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Emerging Issues in Nutrition and Weight Status. As new and innovative policy and environmental interventions to support diet and physical activity are implemented, it will be important to identify which are most effective. A better understanding of how to prevent unhealthy weight gain is also needed. References. 1US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2. Washington: US Government Printing Office, 2. Jan. 2. National Institutes of Health (NIH); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: The evidence report. Bethesda, MD: NIH; 1. World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: WHO; 1. 99. Dietz WH. Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Must A, Strauss RS. Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. S2- S1. 1. 6. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Diet quality of low- income and higher- income Americans in 2. Healthy Eating Index, 2. Nutrition Insight, 2. December, no. 4. 2. Healthy People 2. Washington: Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 2. Available from: http: //www. Data/midcourse/html/focusareas/FA1. Progress. HP. htm. Story M, Kaphingst KM, Robinson- O’Brien R, et al. Creating healthy food and eating environments: Policy and environmental approaches. Annu Rev Public Health. Larson NI, Story MT, Nelson MC. Neighborhood environments: Disparities in access to healthy foods in the US. Jan; 3. 6(1): 7. 4- 8. Guthrie JF, Lin BH, Frazao E. Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1. Changes and consequences. May–Jun; 3. 4(3): 1. Institute of Medicine. Food marketing to children and youth. Mc. Ginnis JM, Gootman J, Kraak VI, editors. Washington: National Academies Press; 2. Institute of Medicine. Preventing childhood obesity: Health in the balance. Koplan JP, Liverman CT, Kraak VI, editors. Washington: National Academies Press; 2. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General. The Surgeon General’s vision for a healthy and fit nation. Rockville, MD: HHS, 2. Jan. 1. 4US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for obesity in adults: Recommendations and rationale. Dec 2; 1. 39(1. 1): 9. US Preventive Services Task Force, Barton M. Screening for obesity in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Feb; 1. 25(2): 3. Barlow SE; Expert Committee. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: Summary report. Dec; 1. 20(suppl 4): S1. Anderson LM, Quinn TA, Glanz K, et al. The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity: A systematic review. Oct; 3. 7(4): 3. 40- 5. Erratum in: Am J Prev Med. Jul; 3. 9(1): 1. 04. Summerbell CD, Waters E, Edmunds LD, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jul 2. 0; (3): CD0. Review. 1. 9Wechsler H, Mc. Kenna ML, Lee SM, et al. The role of schools in preventing childhood obesity. Dec; 5: 4- 1. 2. 2. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1. Jan 2. 0; 3. 03(3): 2. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2. Jan 2. 0; 3. 03(3): 2. Ogden CL, Yanovski SZ, Carroll MD, et al. The epidemiology of obesity. May; 1. 32(6): 2. Credit Union of Georgia Auto Locators is an Auto Buying Service designed exclusively to assist Credit Union of. About the DE Program; DE Day. The National Credit Union Foundation is currently seeking funding from the credit union system to help sponsor Season 6 of Biz Kid. To learn more about the specific benefits credit unions offer to their members, read 6 Benefits of Using a Credit Union. How Credit Unions Have Evolved. Credit Union Lending Solutions. Affinity Federal Credit Union. MORE Rewards Program; Rates & Yields; Calculators. Investment & Retirement; Business Insurance. Align Credit Union delivers a banking experience perfectly in sync with you. Credit Cards; Prepaid Cards; eServices; Mobile Apps. Investment Properties; Term. Savings & Investment. Your savings are federally insured by the NCUA to at least $250,000 and are backed by the full faith and credit of the. CREDIT UNION NEWS: Nine ways to master. 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